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India–Bangladesh enclaves
The India–Bangladesh enclaves, also known as the chitmahals ((ベンガル語:ছিটমহল) ''chitmôhol'') and sometimes called pasha enclaves, were the enclaves along the Bangladesh–India border, in Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Meghalaya. Within the main body of Bangladesh were 102 enclaves of Indian territory, which in turn contained 21 Bangladeshi counter-enclaves, one of which contained an Indian counter-counter-enclave – the world's only third-order enclave. Within the Indian mainland were 71 Bangladeshi enclaves, containing 3 Indian counter-enclaves. A joint census in 2010 found 51,549 people residing in these enclaves: 37,334 in Indian enclaves within Bangladesh and 14,215 in Bangladeshi enclaves within India.〔 〕
The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed the Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify their international border. A revised version of the agreement was adopted by the two countries on 7 May 2015, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment to the Indian Constitution.〔"The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013" PRS India. Accessed 10 May 2015.()〕 Under this agreement, which was ratified on 6 June 2015, India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering ) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering ) in the Bangladeshi mainland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/narendra-modis-bangladesh-visit-ive-got-a-nation-it-comes-at-the-end-of-my-life-still-it-comes/99/ )〕 The counter-enclaves, together with Dahagram-Angarpota, will not be exchanged when the Indira-Mujib agreement of 1974 is finally implemented.〔 The enclave residents are to be allowed to either reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice. The physical exchange of enclaves will be implemented in phases between 31 July 2015 and 30 June 2016.〔(Say goodbye to the weirdest border dispute in the world ), Washington Post, August 1,2015. 〕 The enclaves stand exchanged on the midnight of 31 July 2015 and the transfer of enclave residents is expected to be completed by 30 November 2015.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/land-pact-rollout-in-next-11-months/article7310565.ece )〕 After the Land Boundary Agreement, India lost around 40 km² (10,000 acres) to Bangladesh.
==History==
According to a popular legend, the enclaves were used as stakes in card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of Koch Bihar and the Maharaja of Rangpur.〔 As far as historical records are concerned, the little territories were apparently the result of a confused outcome of a 1713 treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire. Possibly, the Kingdom and the Mughals ended a war without determining a boundary for what territories had been gained or lost.〔Evgeny Vinokurov, ("Theory of Enclaves" (2005) – ''Chapter 6: Enclave stories and case studies, page 117: Cooch Behar'' )〕
After the partition of India in 1947, Rangpur was joined to East Pakistan, and Cooch Behar district was merged in 1949 with India. The desire to "de-enclave" most of the enclaves was manifested in a 1958 agreement between Jawaharlal Nehru and Feroz Khan Noon, the respective Prime Ministers, for an exchange between India and Pakistan without considering loss or gain of territory. But the matter then worked into a Supreme Court case in India, and the Supreme Court ruled that a constitutional amendment was required to transfer the land. So the ninth amendment was introduced to facilitate the implementation of the agreement. The amendment could not be passed because of an objection to transfer of southern Berubari enclave.〔 Because of India's deteriorated relations with Pakistan, the issue remained unsolved. With that agreement not ratified, negotiations restarted after East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh in 1971 following the Bangladesh Liberation War.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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